As we age, the discs (soft cushions) between our spine bones can dry out or wear down. This may lead to back or neck pain, stiffness, or tingling in the arms or legs, but it is a common part of aging.

A disc herniation means the soft part inside a spinal disc pushes out through a crack, causing back or leg pain. The stages go from mild bulge to severe disc material pushing out (sequestration).

Disc prolapse occurs when the disc bulges out enough to press on the nerves. This can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in your back or legs.

Disc extrusion is a type of intervertebral disc herniation in which the nucleus pulposus (the inner gel-like material) breaks through the annulus fibrosus (the tough outer ring) but remains connected to the main disc. It represents a more advanced stage than a disc protrusion, with the herniated material extending beyond the confines of the annulus.

Disc sequestration happens when a piece of the disc fully breaks off and moves into the spinal canal. This may cause severe pain, weakness, or even bladder problems.

When the space in your lower back (lumbar spinal canal) gets narrow, nerves can get pinched. This often makes it hard to walk for long, and you may feel pain or numbness in your legs.

Modic changes are natural changes seen in spine MRI. They show swelling or changes in the bones near the disc and may or may not cause pain.

When the bones of the spine become weak (osteoporosis), they can break easily and cause sudden back pain, a hunched posture, or loss of height.

These are abnormal growths (benign or malignant) in the spine, which may come from other parts of the body, causing pain, weakness, or other changes.

Infections can affect the bones or discs of the spine. They can cause fever, pain, and may need urgent care to prevent serious problems.

Sometimes, previous spine surgeries need to be corrected or re-done. This is called revision surgery, and it's done when pain or problems return after earlier treatment.

Serious accidents or falls can break or injure the spine, leading to pain, nerve injury, or even paralysis if not treated quickly.(Needs medical attention)

Scoliosis means your spine curves sideways. It can happen in children or adults and might require treatment if it is severe or causes pain.

One spinal bone slips forward over another, which may cause back pain or nerve symptoms.